5 Nursing Leadership Styles You Need to Utilize as a Nurse

5 Nursing Leadership Styles You Need to Utilize as a Nurse In the event that you work in the human services field, particularly in nursing, your center may (justifiably) be on direct patient consideration and cooperation with other clinical experts to ensure that patients are getting that best consideration. In any case, as a medical caretaker, you’ve additionally got profession objectives for yourself, which likely incorporate progression and climbing the positions through advancements and occupation changes. Regardless of whether you’re simply beginning as an attendant of need to step up, it’s time to make sense of what sort of nursing initiative style works for you as you prepare to take on progressively administrative jobs all through your career.According to the American Association of Nurse Assessment Coordination (AANAC), there are five primary authority classes into which medical caretakers will in general fall. Let’s take a gander at each one.1. Dictatorial LeadershipAn imperious medical attendant is The Boss, full stop. A medical attendant who leads utilizing this administration style settles on all choices and provides explicit requests and bearings to subordinates, and will in general demoralize questions or dispute. There’s likewise a low capacity to bear botches and the individuals who make them.When this style works best: For basic or clear assignments, or ensuring that severe legitimate or clinical rules are clung to. It can likewise help in crisis circumstances, when there should be a solid voice giving direction.When this style doesn’t work so well: When a medical caretaker supervisor needs to assemble trust and collaboration among other colleagues, or energize innovative issue solving.2. Free enterprise LeadershipThe free enterprise nurture is something contrary to the despotic medical caretaker. In this style, the attendant gives no particular course to colleagues, and embraces all the more a hands-off way to deal with managing.When this style works best: Wh en the nurse’s group is experienced and self-coordinated, and doesn’t fundamentally need a general giving orders.When this style doesn’t work so well: When explicit choices should be made and executed, or colleagues are inexperienced.3. Vote based LeadershipThe law based medical caretaker director takes contribution from subordinates, and empowers open correspondence. The decisionmaking at last with the director, yet partners and colleagues are requested genuine criticism, and given input in return.When this style works best: When the attendant needs to construct associations with staff individuals dependent on trust and responsibility, or while improving frameworks and procedures is a priority.When this style doesn’t work so well: When a solid choice should be made rapidly, gathering criticism and trying things out with colleagues isn’t fundamentally accommodating or feasible.4. Transformational LeadershipThe transformational (once in a while like wise called visionary) nurture administrator is centered around the master plan (improved patient consideration, better frameworks and procedures), and how to get there.When this style functions best: When the working environment (for this situation, an emergency clinic, facility, or other social insurance office) needs enormous changes and improvements.When this style doesn’t work so well: When everyday dynamic is required on little or explicit issues.5. Worker LeadershipThe hireling medical attendant pioneer centers around group achievement by means of individual colleagues. Notwithstanding the submissive sounding name, this administration style has been picking up prevalence in the course of recent years. This pioneer targets group members’ needs, guaranteeing that they have the right stuff, connections, and apparatuses to accomplish individual and gathering goals.When this style works best: When a group has various individuals with various errands and responsibilit ies.When this style doesn’t work so well: When top-down choices should be made, or a gathering needs to follow aggregate directions.So which sort of medical caretaker pioneer would you say you are, and what sort of administration style works best for your activity and your profession objectives? We’d love to hear how these administration styles work for you.

The Openings Of The Time Machi :: essays research papers

The openings of the Time Machine and Lord of the Flies appear to be a depiction of heaven. In what ways does this end up being misleading? The Time Machine is about the chance of time traveling. In the story, one man prevails with regards to building a completely working time machine, and he utilizes it to go into what's to come. The story was composed during the Victorian occasions (1895), by H.G. Wells. Â Â Â Â Â Lord of the Flies includes a gathering of young men who crash land on an island, in no place. It starts as heaven, yet supposedly on it turns out diversely to what they anticipated. William Golding composed the story, during the Cold War period. It was composed after the Second World War. The occasions, wherein wells and Golding lived in, thought about what was written in every one of their accounts. Â â â â â Â Â Â Â Â Wells lived in a period of harmony and strength, as there hadn't been a significant war for a long time, which was in 1865. This affected what Wells expounded on in his story. There was an impact on who and what the characters were in the story, and how they lived and got things done. The Morlocks are fundamentally the same as the excavators of the Victorian occasions. The Morlocks lived underground and in obscurity. The diggers didn't live underground, yet they spent the greater part of their time working there. I would have believed that the Morlocks would resemble captives to the Eloi, in light of the fact that that is the thing that the diggers resembled to the high society individuals. Nonetheless, this wasn't along these lines, the Morlocks were in finished control of the Eloi, who were only nourishment for them. The Morlocks were the more learned out of the two species, and had control over the Eloi. The Morlocks worked underground and were sufficiently shrewd t o work the confounded apparatus. The Morlocks were much more grounded than the Eloi, which gave them greater authority over the Eloi. Wells composed the Time Machine in a comparative opportunity to what we are living in right now. We are both exceptionally close to the turn of another century, which includes fresh starts and new accomplishments throughout everyday life. Wells composed his story not long before the turn of the twentieth Century, in 1895. What's more, we are going to go into the 21st Century. In 1985 they weren't in any event, contemplating the things which we have accomplished today.

The Constitution of Medina

The focal contention in the Medina constitution is the foundation and headway of pluralism. Against the present Muslim philosophies that debilitate pluralism, the Medina constitution is one of the confirmations showing that early Muslims were majority rule and grasped pluralism. The pluralistic beliefs are spelt out in pretty much every section in the Medina constitution.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Constitution of Medina explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The constitution of Medina diagrams a progression of understandings that were drawn up in the initial three years after the Hirja to end the contrasts between the individuals of Yatrib and the Muhajirun. Subsequently, various rights too duties were drafted for the Jews and Muslims in Medina to bring them as Umma, an unmistakable network from the encompassing agnostic society1. The constitution initiated an Islamic state. Likewise, the constitution was additionally drafted to make into m ove the interests of the travelers from Mecca illuminating their privileges and security that interfaces the migrants with different networks in Medina. The Medina’s constitution likewise settled a free express that as a result was a pluralistic culture including Muslims, Jews, and agnostics. The report is parceled into two portions. The initial segment specifies the shared relations among Muslims while the subsequent part tends to the guidelines that control between collective worries between the Muslims and the Jews. The Medina’s constitution opens by building up one network comprising of the migrants from Mecca and the local Muslims. The understanding states that the Muslims of Yatrib along with their devotees just as the individuals who worked with them are one network of adherents known as the Umma. The arrangements declare that the Umma are to make war as one. The devotees will not leave anybody poor among them by neglecting to dispense his freedom cash in a demo nstration of consideration. Further, devotees are to look for vengeance if any Muslim is murdered battling in the method of God. Be that as it may, in the event that a Muslim slaughters a kindred Muslim, at that point the standard laws of retribution keep on functioning2. Also, the constitution affirms that adherents will be contrary to any individual who looks to spread scorn, defilement just as bias among the devotees. As such, any one rehearsing the indecencies ought to be viewed as a non-adherent. In addition, the standards apply to the devotees as it were. The constitution likewise stresses on the equivalent treatment of all Muslims with worth and dignity. The contract disbands the divisions between the occupants and the migrant Muslims in this way introducing standards of value and reasonableness to all Muslims independent or their starting point of birth, clan or ethnic foundation. What's more, the constitution doesn't approve the occupants to get the status of predominance o ver the settlers. Then again, the outsiders shouldn't be viewed as increasingly significant. The constitution additionally perceives that the Jews who follow Muslims are not to be mixed up nor will his adversaries be assisted with completing a bad form to him. The resoluteness of unbelievers is underlined in the constitution. In that capacity, when the adherents are battling in the method of God, the foundation weights on a solitary harmony made by all devotees guaranteeing equity and value to all. Additionally, when adherents differ on an issue, the sanction specifies that it must be submitted to God and Muhammad. Also, the foundation accommodates adherents to vindicate for the blood of each other shed in the method of God. The constitution further accommodates the adherents to hit back to whoever saw as blameworthy of killing a devotee without any great reason.Advertising Looking for exposition on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The constitution further extends the scope of the populace that it administers. For example, the sanction states that the bond between the individuals from the Umma surpasses any connection or accords among them and the agnostics. Besides, the contract perceives the different strict, social, ethnic and phonetic properties of the Jews similarly as it perceives the comparable variety inside the Muslim club. In that capacity, the constitution recognizes the standards of value and decency among all the clans of the Jews. The sanction goes further to wipe out the idea that some Jewish clans are better placed3. The affirmation shows that the constitution grasps fairness and sense of pride among all the Jews. Furthermore, the medina constitution contributes monstrously in the foundation of a pluralistic culture where Medina isn't considered as a Muslim society however a network comprising of individuals of differing ethnic and strict foundations. Further, the constituti on gives the freedom of confidence by expressing that the Muslims have their own strict feelings and the Jews have their own confidence. What's more, the Jews are relied upon to battle along their Muslim siblings yet taking care of their own expense. The Medina contract additionally perceives that on occasion of war, the Muslims pay for their own costs and the Jews bear their costs as long as there is no treachery. The contract attests that Medina was to be haram for its kin and Muhammad is its establishing blessed man. The duties of Muhammad run from discretion of questions to taking care of the issues of equity inside the city just as relations with outcasts. Further, Muhammad directed a proficient retaliate against Mecca to build up power inside Medina. The Jews and the Muslims are not to do battle without the approval of Muhammad. Through the foundation of a pluralistic express, the constitution recognizes that Medina isn't just a Muslim state yet in addition incorporates the de votees of different beliefs. For example, Medina contained the Muslims, the Jews and even agnostics. The contract likewise perceives the significance of strict resilience by leaving each adherent to rehearse its own confidence. The constitution perceives Muhammad as a prophet of God having an awesome association with God in all sides of life. Given these total affirmation in the truth imagined in Islam, the contract neglects to establish a self-righteous express that powers its residents to grasp the confidence of Islam. Further, the understanding builds up shared concurrence between the Jews and the Muslims with the goal that every network encourages each other during assaults. Through looking for of shared guidance just as counsels and advancement of steadfastness between the networks, there is a potential end of unfairness. Unmistakably, it is seen that with the contract, the prophet had the option to build up his clout in Medina, work out collusions with the neighboring clans an d subsequently, complete a compelling battle against Mecca. The subsequent achievement was the possible accomplishment of Medina. List of sources Kennedy, Hugh. The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the 6th to the eleventh century. London: Pearson/Longman, 2004.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Constitution of Medina explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Footnotes 1 Kennedy Hugh, The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the 6th to the eleventh century (London: Pearson/Longman, 2004), 28. 2 Kennedy Hugh, The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the 6th to the eleventh century (London: Pearson/Longman, 2004), 31. 3 Kennedy Hugh, The Prophet and the age of the Caliphates: the Islamic Near East from the 6th to the eleventh century (London: Pearson/Longman, 2004), 33. This exposition on The Constitution of Medina was composed and presented by client Alexa Mathis to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Environment and Climate Change in Panama Essays -- Weather Panama Envi

Condition and Climate Change in Panama Home to huge tropical rainforests, a huge assortment of creature and plant species and the seaway that associates the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, Panama depends intensely on every one of these assets for its economy. Be that as it may, ecological difficulties compromise the supportability of these advantages and in this manner make a critical issue for the nation. This paper will look at the impact of climate and environmental change on Panama combined with a particular spotlight on the Panama Canal. It focuses to a great extent on the impacts of deforestation, combined with the impact of El-Nino, and looks at how this has had noteworthy monetary and social results. Panama has a tropical sea atmosphere, which gives the nation a long, stormy season among May and January and a short, dry season among January and May. Normal temperatures are typically high and dampness levels never dip under 80%. The country’s carbon emanations are not critical to represent a level of the world outflows and they have moderately remained the equivalent during the period 1995-2000.[i] Forest territory remained at 38.6% on 2002, with broadly ensured zones at 21.7% of all out area.[ii] As a rule, information has demonstrated an expansion in profoundly â€Å"unusual extraordinary climate events† since 1992 in the Latin America area and has anticipated that these marvels will turn out to be progressively visit. These irregular occasions, combined with neighborhood social and segment factors, have made crisis conditions in Panama. One of the most noteworthy difficulties to Panama’s condition today is deforestation. Woods zone has diminished from 45.6% in 1995 to 38.6% ... ....† Recovered on 11/09/2007 from: Fonseca, Gustavo A.B. â€Å"No Forest Left Behind.† PLOS Biology. 08/14/2007. Recovered on 11/10/2007 from: Joined Nations Environment Program. â€Å"Climate Change Hits Hard on Latin America and the Caribbean.† Press Release. 2007. Recovered on 12/13/2007 from: College Corporation of Atmospheric Research. Decreasing the Impact of Environmental Emergencies Through Early Warning and Preparedness. â€Å"Panama Canal Case Study: Impacts and Responses to the 1997-98 El Nino Event.† Recovered on 11/10/2007 from:

The Servants of Twilight :: Free Essay Writer

The Servants of Twilight I as of late read a puzzle novel called The Servants of Twilight by Dean R. Koontz. Joey Scavello, a six-year-old kid, is the fundamental focal point of the book. His mom, Christine Scavello, claims a gourmet shop in Newport Beach, California. Together, the two live in Costa Mesa, a city close Los Angeles. The Church of Twilight, headed by an evidently clairvoyant lady named Grace Spivey, is the primary power against Joey Scavello. Charlie Harrison is a private investigator who enables the Scavello family to avoid the grasp of the individuals from The Church of Twilight, who are known as The Servants of Twilight. It starts on a radiant evening in 1985 in the parking area of a Costa Mesa shopping center. Christine Scavello and her child are strolling to their vehicle when an elderly person shows up and starts to yell, He should pass on! toward Joey, and tirades the expression, Don't you realize what he is? Later, they see a similar lady outside a window at their home and afterward she considers them on the telephone a few times, again saying that Joey must bite the dust. It is then that they choose to recruit a private examiner. They go to the workplace of Charlie Harrison and he quickly gives them two protectors and a man to keep watch on their home. Some time after they return home, two men accompany firearms, attack the house, and kill the guardians. Joey and Christine figure out how to get away, yet realize they should go to another city to be sheltered. After much research, they find that the individuals tailing them are from The Church of Twilight, lead by the elderly person who stood up to them at the shopping center, Grace Spivey. In the long run, they travel with Charlie right from Los Angeles to the mountains of Sacramento, attempting to dispose of the Twilighters. Be that as it may, each time they stop in a city to rest, the Twilighters appear, again endeavoring to kill Joey. Elegance Spivey utilizes her clairvoyant forces to find the kid. She accepts that six-year old Joey is the antichrist and the child of the fallen angel. She figures he will run the world for a thousand years on the off chance that she doesn't murder him. The gathering winds up at Charlie's lodge in the mountains close to Sacramento and they accept they are protected from the ten individuals from the congregation tailing them. In any case, they are incorrect, as Spivey and her supporters appear for the last encounter.

Antipsychotics Black Box Warning for Elderly Patients

Antipsychotics Black Box Warning for Elderly Patients More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis If you have an elderly family member or friend suffering from Alzheimers, vascular dementia, or another type of dementia, he or she may be experiencing dementia-related psychosis, delusions, and hallucinations,  and receiving an antipsychotic drug to treat these symptoms. Its important to know that while clinicians have the option of using these drugs in elderly dementia patients, antipsychotics come with a black box warning for this population specifically. In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  mandated that antipsychotic drug manufacturers add black box warnings to labels and prescribing information because of the link found between antipsychotics and an increased mortality risk in elderly dementia patients. Antipsychotic Black Box Warning (full text) ?WARNING: Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients With Dementia-Related PsychosisElderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. Analyses of 17  placebo-controlled trials  (modal duration* of 10 weeks), largely in patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs, revealed a risk of death in drug-treated patients of between 1.6 to 1.7 times the risk of death in placebo-treated patients. Over the course of a typical 10-week controlled trial, the rate of death in drug-treated patients was about 4.5%, compared to a rate of about 2.6% in the placebo group.Although the causes of death were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g., heart failure, sudden death) or infections (e.g., pneumonia) in nature. Observational studies suggest that similar to atypical antipsychotic drugs, treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs may increase mortality. The extent to which the findings of increased morta lity in observational studies may be attributed to the antipsychotic drug as opposed to some characteristic(s) of the patients is not clear.[DRUG BRAND NAME (drug generic name)] is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.*Modal duration means that the most common length of the trials used was 10 weeks. Antipsychotic Medications With Black Box Warnings The antipsychotics that carry this black box warning include both  atypical (second-generation) antipsychotics  and the older  typical (first-generation) antipsychotics, including: Atypical Antipsychotics Abilify (aripiprazole)Clozaril (clozapine)  (full list of  black box warnings for Clozaril)Geodon (ziprasidone)Invega (paliperidone)Risperdal (risperidone)Seroquel (quetiapine)Zyprexa (olanzapine)Symbyax (olanzapine plus fluoxetine)  (Zyprexa plus  Prozac) Typical Antipsychotics Compro (prochlorperazine)Haloperidol  (also known as Haldol, but no longer sold under the brand name)Loxapine  (also known as Loxitane, but no longer sold under the brand name)Thioridazine  (also known as Mellaril, but no longer sold under the brand name)Molindone (also known as Moban, but no longer sold under the brand name)Navane  (thiothixene)Orap  (pimozide)Fluphenazine  (also known as Prolixin, but no longer sold under the brand name)Trifluoperazine  (also known as Stelazine, but no longer sold under the brand name)Chlorpromazine  (also known as Thorazine, but no longer sold under the brand name)Perphenazine  (also known as Trilafon, but no longer sold under the brand name) Why These Medications Are Still Used Psychosis and agitation in dementia is a situation that causes considerable distress to patients and families and may hasten institutionalization in some patients. Because there are a limited number of medications that can treat this condition in these circumstances, your loved ones doctor may still use one or more antipsychotic medications that carry this black box warning. In a situation like this, the doctor will consider whether the potential benefits of using the medication(s) are greater than the risks involved.

Samsung Galaxy S5 Essay - 825 Words

Samsung Galaxy S5 (Essay Sample) Content: SurnameTutorDateSamsung Galaxy S5Released in the February of 2014 by the Korean technology Giant Samsung, Samsung Galaxy S5 is a real smart phone. It brings a never experienced and integrated new technology into the world of smartphones that cannot match its predecessor Samsung Galaxy S4. It is a technological evidence of innovative minds in the 21st century. In the galaxy family and the smartphone field at large, Samsung Galaxy S5 stands as a unique smart phone.At a glance, the phone is attractive in appearance. It comes in four distinctive colors that fit its size and taste, charcoal black, copper gold, electric blue and shimmery white (Samsung Corporation 1). This phone only weighs 145 grams, 15 grams more than its predecessor does. However, for a phone of its type, it is lighter. Another feature is its size in the thinness and breadth of the phone. It is 8.1 millimeters thick and 72.5 millimeters this makes it 0.2 millimeters thicker and 2.5 millimeters wider than its predecessor does (Simons, 4). However, what makes S5 withstanding is the small screen to body ratio. Besides, the body of S5 has both plastic and metal compared to that of S4 that has plastic alone.When it comes to the screen, Samsung Galaxy S5 is not comparable to its predecessor Samsung Galaxy S4. S5 possesses one of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s most vibrant screens (Samsung Corporation 1). The screen is an extension from that of its predecessor of 5.0 to 5.1 inches with added biometrics. However, it retains the 16M colors of 1080 pixel super AMOLED capacitive screen touch with a multitouch input (Simons, 4). Besides, the screen is made up of the corning gorilla glass of the third generation compared to the second generation of its predecessor. This implies that, the screen is more resistant to scratch and breakage. However, what makes the screen and housing of this phone different, from that of S4 is the dust and waterproof ability and its ability to sense fingerprints.It is true that, the speed of a smartphone makes it more desirable. The specifications on S5 do not let it down. Running on 2.5 GHz quad-core compared to the S4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s 1.9 GHz quad-core central processing unit makes this phone faster (Simons, 4). When combined with the 2 gigabyte of random access memory, it makes this phone have amazing speed (Samsung Corporation 1). This means that more applications can run in the background than in that of the predecessor "with almost zero chances of hanging" (Samsung Corporation 1). Besides, it gives the phone ability to run high memory games. Furthermore, the Snapdragon 801 in S4 is a lot more powerful than the Snapdragon 600 in S4 (Simons, 4). This phone runs on Android KitKat version, which is almost comparable to the Jerry-bean version on S4. However, the S5 version of Android is upgradable to the latest lollipop version (Simons, 4).When it comes to the network and connectivity, S5 and S4 are relatively comparable. They both run on a dual band. Bes ides, they support Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi hotspot that saves on data usage. Both features the Bluetooth version 4.0. They also have global positioning satellite and infrared port. These phones also have an accelerometer, gyro, proximity, gesture, compass and barometer sensors. However, S5 comes with more sensors like the fingerprint sensor and the heart rate sensors. Finally, both phone supports threaded messaging, email push mail and java.Most people agree that, what makes a smartphone smart is photo quality and phone storage capacity. Samsung Galaxy S5 has a dual camera like its predecessor. S5 has a 16-megapixel autofocus s rear camera, which is 3 megapixels higher than that of S4. This camera has face detection ability and equipped with a light emitting diode flash, giving it ability to capture photos even at night (Simons, 4). However, it is the 2.6-inch sensor size and a dual shot of S5 that make it an outstanding picture phone. It enables the S5 camera to simultaneous capture high d efinition video and image recording, geo-tagging face and smile detection and touch focus. With this, a person can take photos simultaneously with videotaping (Samsung Corporation 1). The 2.1 megapixel S5 front camera also beats that of S4. Besides with an internal storage of between 16 and 32 gigabytes and expandable memory of up to 128 gigabyte to store photos documents and music.The phone comes with a remo...

Moderate reforms were expected in 1789, and with louis...

Moderate reforms were expected in 1789, and with louis failing to meet these reforms from the period 1789 to 1793, along with the growing radicalisation of the sans-cullotes, the growing power of an external organization other than the crown, such as the national, legislative assemblies and revolutionary clubs, it eventually challenged the crown’s authority and power over France. And it could be said it was Louis’ misaction and wrong actions taken at volatile times that led him to his downfall. As this is evident by the refusal to accept the august decrees, civil consititution, leaking military strategies at times of war with France which made him an anti-revolutionist by the eyes of the people. The anti-revolutionary stance he had grasped†¦show more content†¦As these are not reasons why the king was executed but it was surely the beginning of the chain reaction which led France into turmoil and therefore forced the king into execution. After the storming of the Bastille the national assembly draws up the august decrees, a constitution with 13 points that promised the end of the french feudal era and the stoppage of noble gluttony, but the problem was that, the king would not accept the decrees, and this therefore made him a a foe to the wants of the french people and especially the Parisians. With the French already in discontent with king’s refusal to accept to the constitution and the growing economical difficulties, especially grain shortage and rumours of grain hoarding, a time arose known as the great fear, this was rural unrest and uprising in opposition to the nobles and an attack on the feudality itself as seigneurial symbols were destroyed, rasdicalisation of the people is clearly not in doubt and is clear that the situation in france is detereorating. Arriving at the palace of versailles stormed the 7000 female sans-cullotes along with 20,000 bourgeoise national guards setting the demands for the k ing, the king was therefore forced to accept the decrees of august, agree on the civil constitution of the right of man, and agree to provide paris with grain. In this we find out that, the radicalisation of the people had reached such an extent that no longer was itShow MoreRelatedRepresentation of Scrooge in A Christmas Carol Essay902 Words   |  4 Pagesgrave. At the end of the novel, Dickens writes: â€Å"I am as light as a feather, I am as happy as an angel; I am as merry as a school-boy. I am as giddy as a drunken man. A merry Christmas to everybody! A happy New Year to all the world! Hallo here! Whoop! Hallo!† This quote shows that Scrooge is changing. He was relaxing himself as a child, who is easily amused. This use of similie makes him sound positive and relaxed. 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The suspense in each story was gradually built up, and maintained throughout. Examples of this can be seen in ‘The Signalman’ especially in the first part of the story where the narrator leaves the reader on a cliff-hanger; ‘hallo! below there’. This type of suspense is also in ‘The Red Room’, except with different levels, as the suspense is gradually added. This gives a slow climbing build to a huge climax. To build on the general suspense, the writer added repetitive words Read MoreMy Family Eulogy1715 Words   |  7 Pageshand on the doorknob, turned it to pull the door open and there he was†¦ there was Papa sitting in a wheelchair, trying to push himself up to stand and embrace us. Aged, almost beyond recognition, I couldn t believe it was actually Him before us. â€Å"Hallo, Papa!† Ellen and I greeted him in Dutch and threw our arms around his neck. In order to see us better, he pushed back just slightly. â€Å"Jij bent Joyce† You are Joyce; he said looking at Ellen and â€Å"Jij bent Ellen† You are Ellen; he said looking atRead MoreThe Importance Of Learning A Second Language Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesHello. Nin Hao. Hallo. Ðâ€"Ð ´Ã'€Ð °Ã ²Ã µÃ ¹Ã'‚Ð µ. The art of language is intricate and useful in many aspects of life. The Encyclopedia of Education states â€Å"†¦between 60-75% of the world is bilingual.† When it comes to bilingual education most countries require students to learn their home language and English. The United States only requires two years of foreign language to graduate. This is due to the English language being considered as the universal language. Schools should require students to learn a secondRead MoreLiterature, Law Codes, And Archaic Sumerian Religion1003 Words   |  5 Pagesof their riverside location which led these ancient peoples to believe that the gods had preordained their future. 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The red explosion turned intoRead MoreThe Hybrid Strategy And Tactics For Sell My Bike1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthis negotiation. Overall the report discusses the following tactics of negotiations: finding a bridge solution, assessing other part resistance point and managing other party’s impression, use of sweeteners, invention of options for mutual gain and hallo effects in perception. Strategy Tactics As this negotiation is a combination of both distributive and integrative. I choose a combination of tactics that allows benefits for both the parties. The selected tactics are Integrative Distributive Find

An Analysis of Chinaa E-Commerce Industry - 1488 Words

An Analysis of China’s E-Commerce Industry Introduction A little more than 10 years ago, China’s path to e-commerce leadership would have been difficult to foresee, even as the tech boom in the US and other markets saw the development of e-commerce as an important B2C and C2C channel. In 2000, China had yet to develop any e-commerce applications, and had only 2.1 million total internet users. Payment systems and physical delivery mechanisms to facilitate the development of e-commerce transactions were well-developed in other markets, but were simply lacking in China. Fast forward to the end of 2013: with Chinese internet users quickly approaching 600 million, China is on pace to pass the US and become the largest e-commerce†¦show more content†¦We can see from the chart below that by looking at the total e-commerce sales per country, China is the second-largest player in the global market, losing out only to the United States. Market trends Within the e-commerce industry in China, we are able to identify several market trends that shape the nature of the industry and also give us insights into how the industry will evolve in the near future. By comparing C2C and B2C transaction value over the pst few years, we can see that B2C has been gaining market share gradually, and will reach about 50% by 2016E. Also, we notice that there is rapid growth of mobile shopping, which is defined as customers who shop online using their mobile devices. Also, we notice that the amount of transactions that are processed using mobile devices has been slowly increasing over the past few years as well. Mobile Data from CNNIC indicate that mobile phones had become the number one terminal for surfing instead of computers by June

What Is the Role of Fashion Promotion, and How Will It...

What is the role of fashion Promotion within the fashion Industry, and how will it develop over the next five years? In an age where fashion and technology is constantly evolving it is important that we take a step back and take a look at the current happenings in the promotional side of the fashion industry. The fashion show,a key tool to making designers collections accessible to its consumer, will be the main focus of this essay. We shall define fashion promotion before looking at how the catwalk sits under this title. A brief history of the fashion show shall lead us into the present day, where we shall begin the debate of whether some fashion shows need be as extravagant and expensive as they are. We will look at well known†¦show more content†¦However like with any industry,things are changing and developments always occurring which are affecting many parts of the fashion industry. Tungate goes on to highlight the most obvious development is the availability on the web. The images of a show are displayed less than an hour after the designer has taken a bow. With this easy accessibili ty there is becoming less and less need for buyers to attend shows and instead they are able to choose their key pieces right from their own offices. Tungate also recognizes that private pre collection gatherings in showrooms are taking place before the actual show. This gives the buyer a chance to place their orders without the razza matazz and overheads (Tungate,2004,12) of a show. One may ask that if 70% of stock is being sold at pre collections ( Tungate,2004,12) then why is it necessary for designers to stage a show at all?This comes back to what we mentioned earlier about showcasing the brand .A show is no longer about selling a particular garment it is about selling the look and that is McDowells justification into its considerable costs. He believes that a show easily costs  £150,000 and this sum cannot be used just for the designers indulgence,it has to serve a purpose. Lets take a look at what Tungate might mean when using the word razzmatazz. Perhaps the best example for us to look at is Karl Lagerfelds Fall/Winter 07 collection that wasShow MoreRelatedWhat Is the Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry, and How Will It Develop in the Next Five Years?1862 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is the Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry, and how will it develop in the next five years? I am going to write about what the role of fashion promotion is within the fashion industry and discuss how it might develop in the next five years. To do this I shall review what fashion promotion is by defining it and finding out how, when and where it started. To understand what fashion promotion really is in a contemporary context I shall broadly look at how it is used and whatRead MoreFashion Promotion in 5 Years Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the role of fashion promotion within the fashion industry, and how will it develop over the next 5 years? Fashion promotion is the glue that holds together everything fashion related. Its all very well having a great designer who can create stunning garments out of fabulous materials, but fashion promotion is what advertises those garments, and sells them, and puts them out there for the world to see. If there werent photographers and buyers and journalists and stylistsRead MoreEssay about The Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry1761 Words   |  8 PagesThe Role of Fashion Promotion Within the Fashion Industry I am going to write about what the role of fashion promotion is within the fashion industry and discuss how it might develop in the next five years. To do this I shall review what fashion promotion is by defining it and finding out how, when and where it started. To understand what fashion promotion really is in a contemporary context I shall broadly look at how it is used and what many forms it has taken since the beginning up until theRead MoreBrand Awareness and Brand Extension Literature View4937 Words   |  20 Pageslots more of fashion. The organized retailing is developing at rapid speed. It is agreeable to all that fashion is a vital part of both the retail industry as well as the brands. Fashion has led the retail industry boom and it has sustained its dominance in malls, markets and stores. With radically changing fashion and retail industry, the Indian consumers are facing considerable transformation. With an increase income levels and increasing attitude LOOK GOOD - FEE L GOOD, fashion is offering hugeRead MoreVogue Essay3998 Words   |  16 Pages1. Introduction In this report I have focused on Vogue magazine. Vogue is a product from the magazine publisher Conde Nast which publishes magazines including Glamour, GQ and Vanity Fair. Vogue is an American fashion magazine and was founded in 1892. The current editor of American Edition is Anna Wintour. The purpose of this report is to recommend a marketing communications campaign focused on the Digital Edition of the magazine in order to increase sales and reduce costs. In order to do thatRead MoreThe Ideal Body Of America Eating Disorders2152 Words   |  9 Pagess body image today is fashion and media, many women look to magazines, television, and celebrities to get tips on beauty and the perfect body. The one problem with media is the size of models has declined immensely over the years to a very slim size. Many women become dissatisfied with their bodies when they see that they do not fit the ideal body shape that these women in the media have. Although it was not always ideal to be slim the growing use of slender models in fashion and media has impactedRead MoreZara Business Model (Case Analysis)2398 Words   |  10 Pages4/5/2011 Done By: Faisal Alsawaihan Zara case Quest What Business is Zara In? (Business model) Zara is one of the Inditex group, which they mainly in the apparel industry. It considers the most successful brand in this group and most of profit margin is coming from Zara stores that are widespread around the world (76countries) and their main products of apparel are for men, women, and kids. As we can see from the article (It for fast fashion) and Zara’s annual report in 2009, the business modelRead MoreChallenges Facing Fashion Industry in Ghana6584 Words   |  27 PagesTO THE STUDY The environment in which the fashion industry operates the world over has become turbulent, unpredictable and therefore, difficult to exert managerial control. Cultures around the world are constantly influencing each other; hence, the world’s cultures are changing fashion constantly. Also, social, economic, political and legal factors keep changing than before. Competition in the fashion industry is so rife such that the survival of fashion organizations cannot be guaranteed (StuartRead MoreChallenges Facing Fashion Industry in Ghana6592 Words   |  27 PagesTO THE STUDY The environment in which the fashion industry operates the world over has become turbulent, unpredictable and therefore, difficult to exert managerial control. Cultures around the world are constantly influencing each other; hence, the world’s cultures are changing fashion constantly. Also, social, economic, political and legal factors keep changing than before. Competition in the fashion industry is so rife such that the survival of fashion organizations cannot be guaranteed (StuartRead MoreStrategic Plan of Sibanys Boutique2702 Words   |  11 Pagesunder, 24 to 50, and 50 and above. They tend to be trendy and fashion conscious (Thilmany, 2008). They also expect to pay more for their items than they would for more common merchandise offered by general clothing retailers. After market penetration has been achieved, the next step is to develop the market into a sustainable client base. Retail format development plays a key role in the ability to penetrate the market and develop a sustainable client base. Although boutique customers can be

Adult Obesity As A Public Health Issue - 984 Words

This essay aims to discover and analyse adult obesity as a challenging public health issue in England as it has a detrimental effect on the society. The rationale for choosing adult obesity as a public health issue is to comprehend and develop the knowledge of obesity and its impact on individual’s health and wellbeing to better meet the needs of an obese adult in clinical practice. Obesity will be defined, its trends and the biopsychosocial factors that contribute to an individual’s health and wellbeing will be discussed along with the health inequalities. Furthermore, this assignment will highlight relevant policies and legislation aimed at addressing the health risk and needs of an obese adult. Lastly, this essay will explain the role of a nurse in both promoting and assessing of the health requirements of obese adult and then the conclusion will be drawn summarising the key points of the essay. It is crucial to understand what makes a community healthy, as public health is concerned with health promotion of population rather than an individual focus (Department of Health (DOH) 2012). Wanless (2004) defines public health as a â€Å"science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting through the organised effort and informed of the society, organisations, communities and individuals†. It focuses on an entire population addressing the health needs of the population, working in a partnership with an individual, communities, health worker, health agencies andShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Cost For Obesity Essay809 Words   |  4 Pages Trends in Health Care Cost for Obesity The trend of health care costs is still primarily based on treatment and less on prevention. Adult obesity is a significant cause of preventable chronic diseases and one cause of increased health care costs in the United States. The cost of obesity impacts each state and community. 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It also helps to improve the health and well being of individuals, communities and the wider population and prevent from mortality and disability (Nursing Times.net, 2013). Prevention such as immunisation and screening, Protection such as safety and protection from abuse and promotion such as health education are the three ma in approaches of public health (RCNRead MoreObesity Is A Complex Process953 Words   |  4 PagesTackling obesity is a complex process that requires a proactive approach and interventions from the individual, society, local authorities, and public health service and partner organisation (PHE 2016f). In response to obesity as a public health issue, the government introduces no of policies, strategy and health campaign to tackle this problem, including Change4life campaign and Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A call to action on obesity in England (Foresight 2007). Chang4life is a public health campaignRead MoreObesity As A Public Health Campaign958 Words   |  4 Pageslocal authorities, and public health service and partner organisation (PHE 2016e). In response to obesity as a public health issue, the government introduces no of polices, strategy and health campaign to tackle this problem, including Change4life campaign and Healthy Lives, Healthy People: A call to action on obesity in England. Chang4life is a public health campaign in England, which started in 2009 supported by the Department of Health to tackle growing problem of obesity. This was the first campaignRead MoreObesity : A Social And Economic Impact On Public Health Policy Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity in Adults: Introduction Obesity is defined as the excessive body fat accumulation that negatively impacts adult health conditions. Overweight and obese BMI is between 25 and 30 and 30. In 2010, obesity is a major public health issue that affects one million overweight adults and 400 million obese worldwide. Obesity is associated with risk factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and obstructive sleep apnea etc. (Fock Khow, 2013)Read MoreObesity And The Body Weight Ideals1241 Words   |  5 Pagesarbitrary. Obesity to most people globally may be based on societal body weight ideals. Whatever be the definition of obesity any society, the fact remains that, when has a BMI of over twenty nine, health problems begin to pile up. The following data on obesity is quoted from the National Institute of Diabetes and digestive diseases (2012). Adults Age 20 and Older 2 More than two-thirds (68.8 percent) of adults are considered to be overweight or obese. More than one-third (35.7 percent) of adults are consideredRead MoreAdult Obesity : Is The Biggest Public Health Challenges Facing Adult?1449 Words   |  6 Pages Adult Obesity in America Amat Arop Holistic Health Assessment/ NS3321D October 01, 2015 Professor, Jada Adult Obesity in America Obesity is one of the biggest public health challenges facing adult in the United State of America today. Excess weight can lead to a number of debilitating conditions including Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and stroke. Obesity is a rapidly increasing problem. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention Fact sheet In the last ten years obesityRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1699 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"More than one third of adults and 17% of youth in the United States are obese.† (Carroll et al, 2014) The JAMA study reported that 31.8% of young people were overweight or obese. (Carroll et al, 2014) According to the map from the CDC, the most concentrated region of obesity is in the South. (CDC, September 2014) With the rise of obesity come questions as to why Americans are so unhealthy. What exactly classifies a person as obese? A person is considered obese when they attain a body mass indexRead MoreThe Battle Against Obesity Is A Health Issu e Of Great Importance1237 Words   |  5 PagesFor community and public health nurses alike, the battle against obesity is a health issue of great importance. Obesity is shown to be directly responsible for many of the negative health issues we see today. It contributes to higher risk of having chronic disease and poor health (which will be explained). Obesity is a nationwide epidemic stretching across the whole human development spectrum: from childhood obesity, adolescent obesity and adult obesity. The prevalence of children being overweight

Middle East Women Free Essays

Jay Sammelmann Dr. Holzhauer UI350-01 4/24/13 Women of the Middle East The women of the Middle East are very interesting to look in to. They are not just another person or treated by the same standards like they are treated here in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Middle East Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is a lot of controversy and fighting for women’s rights throughout the Middle East. They have an extreme lack of power there and they are fighting to change that. It is not right that women are such inferior people over there because they are no different than any other female in this world. Sexism plays a big role in the Middle East and the women are getting sick of putting up with this treatment. This is a big part of what I will be looking into in the research paper: â€Å"What kind of role do women play in a typical Middle Eastern society? † I will also analyze a typical Middle Eastern woman’s daily life and I will also look into their dress. There dress is unlike any other place in the world. When I see a veil, I automatically think about a Middle Eastern woman, as the veil is kind of like the symbol of Middle Eastern women’s dress. The first issue I will address when examining women in the Middle East is their rights. I have always been under the impression that women couldn’t do certain things that are freedoms in the United States, like dressing however you may wish, because of their religion. Most women’s religion over there is Islam. Actually through research I have discovered that religion is not what holds back Middle Eastern women. The Quran actually has given Middle Eastern women many important rights that even women here in the United States and the West in general didn’t have until fairly recently when you look back through history. For example, Muslim women have always been able to retain their own assets, while the property of women in England was given to their husbands once they married all the way up until 1882 (Global Connections). Also, â€Å"Muslim women in many countries kept their own last name,† which shows that the men do not just gain â€Å"property rights† over the woman when they marry (Global Connections). The Quran has a lot of proof that religion isn’t the reason that women are fighting for rights in their region. The Quran has listed many freedoms and rights that Muslim women deserve. For example, the Quran instructs Muslims to educate daughters as well as sons and it insists that women have the right to refuse a prospective husband (Global Connections). These are just a few on a long list of rights from the Quran that are overlooked when outsiders view the Middle East. Maybe the most important thing the Quran states is, that men and women are equal in the eyes of God (Global Connections). This proves that religion isn’t the reason women are mistreated, because the rights are listed in fine print inside of their holy book. The traditional culture of the Middle East is the bigger problem with regard to women’s rights in this region, not religion. While women in the Middle East don’t have the fairest rights, they also have had more leadership positions than you may think as well. In particular there have been a fair amount of female political leaders in Muslim societies. Maybe the most important women were those who were the sisters of the Prophet Muhammad. They were extremely important to the early Muslim community because they knew his practice and teachings so well (Global Connections). Muhammad was the most influential person to ever come out of the Middle East, so it was crucial that his practice and teachings be passed on to further generations. Muhammad’s sisters weren’t the only powerful political figures over time in this region. Also, Aisha who is known as the favorite wife of Muhammad was also very influential. Something interesting about her was that she even participated in the Battle of Camel in 656 (Global Connections). Aisha wanted justice on the perpetrators of the assignation of the previous caliph, Uthman (Wise Muslim Women). A women leading in battle was never really seen before and isn’t seen very often today either. This demonstrates the importance of Aisha in Middle Eastern history. Another influential woman in the history of the Middle East was Shajarat al-Durr. She firmly established the Mamluk dynasty that would ultimately repulse the  Mongols, expel the  European  Crusaders  from the  Holy Land, and remain the most powerful political force in the  Middle East  until the coming of the  Ottomans (Wise Muslim Women). Some other female political figures over time in the Middle East are the Sultanate of Women in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century was a period when several women had enormous power over affairs of the state (Global Connections). Today there is a small, but growing number of women in the parliaments of Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon (Global Connections). In Morocco women have secured 60 out of 395 seats, which may not sound like much, but that is fifteen percent of Parliament (Basch-Harod). The women’s movement campaign’s goal was to secure thirty percent of Parliament, but fifteen percent is a respectable start (Basch-Harod). It is encouraging to see that women are making a difference today as well. Although their contributions may not be the greatest, it’s great to see they are at least getting their foot in the door. These are just a few political leaders throughout time. This shows that women have the ability to gain power in the Middle East if they are put in the right situation. Not only were there some influential political leaders that were women, but there are also some powerful religious leaders as well. One female religious leader that has made a big impact is Rabia. â€Å"She was a freed slave who became a prominent scholar in the eight century city of Bara in Iraq† (Global Connections). Rabia was the person who first articulated the tenants of Sufism, which is a critical branch of Islam that emphasizes mysticism and a person’s personal relationship with God (Global Connections). She proved to be very influential as she never ended up marrying anyone citing that she didn’t want any distractions from her love for god. Rabia was looked up to by many people in the Islam community. A couple other important role models in the Islam community include Fatima, who was the prophet of Muhammad’s daughter and Zaynab who was the prophet’s granddaughter (Global Connections). This shows overall that women have been able to attain some power and have influence throughout time. I feel like the view of Americans is that women hardly even exist in the Middle East region. While they may not have the same rights and aren’t treated as well as they are here in the United States today, they have proven to have more influence throughout history than many women. Many women in the United States didn’t have any influence until the 1800s. Women have made significant strides and impacts in the Middle East for many centuries now, which is something to consider before you label Middle Eastern women as virtually nonexistent. One of the first things one notices about a Middle Eastern woman is their choice of clothing. The veil is kind of a symbol of Middle Eastern women. When I see a woman in a veil around campus and all covered up from head to toe, I automatically think it is a Middle Eastern woman. The hijab is the most common type of veil worn by Middle Eastern women. This has either one or two scarves covers the head and neck of the woman (Civic Dilemmas). This is an example of Middle Eastern woman’s modest dress. A few more styles of dress are the niqab, the chador, and the burqa. The niqab covers the entire body, including the head and face, while just leaving an opening for the eyes to see. These niqabs are very popular amongst the Muslim world in general (Civic Dilemmas). The chador is a full body length shawl that is held together at the neck by a pin and it leaves the face completely visible. This type of dress is most common in the Middle East, specifically in Iran, as compared to the rest of the world (Civic Dilemmas). The last style of dress I will explain is the burqa, which is a full body veil. The woman’s entire face and body is covered and she has to see through a mesh screen over the eyes (Civic Dilemmas). One will see this type of dress most commonly in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Actually for five years in the late 1990s and early 2000s the Taliban regime the use of a burqa was mandated by law (Civic Dilemmas). I don’t think that countries should force anybody to dress a certain way, but I am spoiled by the freedom that I have here in the United States. This just goes to show you how lucky we have it as Americans, that some people like in the Middle East are forced to wear certain clothes. How to cite Middle East Women, Papers

Gretel by Andrea Budy Analysis free essay sample

â€Å"A woman is born to this: sift, measure, mix, roll thin. † These starting words of the poem Gretel by Andrea Hollander Budy already show the imprisonment of women within a certain standard set by society. These words basically tell us that a woman has no choice on which path to take in her life because she is already born to something. This idea of women, along with prostitution, is what is being shown in the poem. Gretel, though modified, from the children’s tale Hansel and Gretel serves as the exemplary figure. This poem shows ideas about prostitution, and how women will always be caged in the standards set upon them no matter how hard they try to escape. The she in the poem refers to Gretel, but older than her character in the original story. Though it is not explicitly stated that it is Gretel, the poem’s title gave it away and the she does certain things that are relatable to what happened in the original Hansel and Gretel story such as the dropping of crumbs, the woman seizing the brother, and the mentioning of the oven. We will write a custom essay sample on Gretel by Andrea Budy Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The speaker, on the other hand, seems to be a third person close to Gretel who sees the events that happened in the poem. This speaker, though, is most probably a woman because it is as if she sympathizes with Gretel. She has enough knowledge of what Gretel is going through. Also, it seems as if the speaker knows Gretel well enough since the speaker has witnessed Gretel growing up (Gretel learning the dough until it folds into her skin, Gretel trying to lose it, Gretel beginning the long walk, etc. ). In the original Hansel and Gretel story, it was Hansel who was doing most of the work and decisions to make them both survive and find their way back to their father’s house. He was the one who dropped the trail of stone pebbles and crumbs; the one who was always comforting Gretel; and even when they found the witch’s house, he ordered Gretel which parts of the house she is going to eat. Being the older brother, he was the more responsible of the two siblings while Gretel was the submissive one. It was only in the latter part that Gretel started to take over. She was witty enough to outsmart the witch, save them both, look for a way to cross the river, and find their way back to their father’s home. This characteristic of Gretel from the original story is what motivated her to become what she is in Andrea Budy’s poem. With the same wit and capabilities, she tried to escape from living in a certain standard set upon her. The poem can also show ideas about prostitution. This is evident in the lines â€Å"she learns the dough until it folds into her skin†, â€Å"she empties her dark pockets, dropping enough crumbs to feed all the men who have ever touched her or wished†, and â€Å"remember something of his touch†. This can mean that the â€Å"crumbs† or â€Å"dough† talks about her flesh/body because in the line â€Å"she learns the dough until it folds into her skin and there is no difference†, it tells the reader that there is eventually no difference between the dough and her skin. But she also tries to lose the idea of being a prostitute, but without success, as evident in the line â€Å"Much later she tries to lose it. Makes bets with herself and wins enough without trying†. Her trying to lose herself as a prostitute is also figuratively portrayed when she was â€Å"emptying her dark pockets† and â€Å"dropping enough crumbs to feed all the men who have ever touched her or wished. In the last part of the poem, it was stated that she was almost transparent and thin when she reached the clearing, and that is why the old woman only seized the brother. This shows that Gretel already has no more use after she has escaped her dark past (and what was expected of her) as a prostitute. The old woman may figuratively refer to society itself (she did not seize/choose Gretel because she was not good enough). Again, this shows women being caged in a certain standard set upon them, and have no more value once they escape from this cage. The poem ends with Gretel not escaping the oven, eating the crumbs meant for him, and remembering something of his touch. The â€Å"his† in this part of the poem does not necessarily talk about Hansel. This may refer to all the guys who have touched her before. Gretel â€Å"won’t escape that oven† shows that Gretel chooses this path, which is probably death, rather than going back to her old life. This is probably a choice made by Gretel because the word used is â€Å"won’t†, which supports an action made by will (as oppose to â€Å"can’t†, which supports an action that is not motivated by a choice). Lastly, the line â€Å"she’ll eat the crumbs meant for him, remember something of his touch, reach for the sifter and the cup† probably talks about Gretel’s last thoughts inside the oven. She is kind of bringing with her the memories she had in the past as she is about to face her escape/death. Indeed, this poem generally talks about Gretel and her double as a prostitute; the imprisonment of women into a certain standard set by society; and Gretel’s rebellious act against this societal imprisonment.

Extension of Technology Acceptance Model †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Extension of Technology Acceptance Model. Answer: Introduction: Making films was one of the most ambitious wishes that I had since a very young age. It takes considerable skills and understanding of various concepts related to films in order to make a film on own. The moment I turned 19, I wanted to make a film on my own with my friends acting in it. I had a group of friends who were into the idea of being casted in a film so that they could showcase their talent. I came up with the idea of making a short film with my group of friends. I took up the hat of director and started scripting for the short film. It never is an easy job to direct a film and it requires considerable amount of knowledge to make a film on own (Irving Rea, 2013). I believed that I learnt a lot by watching films from all parts of the world, I being a film buff believed that watching films would endow me with enough knowledge to start making films. The short film making process started from the scratch and it considerable effort to make sure that everyone on the team was on the same page. The script was finalized by me and conceptualized with a friend of mine who I took in as Assistant Screenplay Writer. The concept of the film was based on certain practices of inequality in the society and as I was a student of English literature, the script looked great on paper. The team was wowed with the script when it was read out to them for the first time. The concept was well presented on paper by me and John, the assistant screenplay writer. The language perfectly reflected the emotions that were present in the real concept and it made sure that the plot was hitting the audience at the right points. We took the script and went to few people who had considerable knowledge about story and plot. The feedback that we received from them was very motivating and it lead us to believe that a good short film was about to be shot and presented to the world. After the script was set, the actors in the team were taken up for rehearsals. The actors would come at my place regularly to jam up and perform the scenes together. All those who were in the team were new and didnt have any experience regarding acting. They were doing well in the rehearsals and it further made sure that the best was expected from them on the day of shooting. The actors were guided by me and Kevin who was assigned as the Assistant Director of the project. Kevin mainly focused on the acting performances and fine tuned the actors. Kevin wished to be an actor, and though he was not professionally trained in acting he had watched plenty of acting tutorials and learnt from them. After rigorous rehearsals for 15 days, the team was ready for the shoot and the actors were confident enough to pull out their best performance. The technical team was ready as they were professional with the camera they did not need much of an explanation or direction on how the shoot was to be c onducted. The Director of Photography was a friend of mine named Charles. Charles graduated last year in photography and videography and he had considerable idea about how the shoot was to be executed. It was the day of the shoot and everyone seemed to be nervous as they were all first timers including me in the directors seat. The shoot began in time and then the main issues started to take place. The actors who were outright confident in the rehearsals on the day before were stuttering to perform on camera and multiple retakes took place which lengthened the shoot enormously. The direction from my end was in tatters as I had no idea on how to effectively gain control of the film set and make sure that the actors and technicians were on the same page. The shoot was supposed to be of one day but it was extended to a 3 day schedule. The reshoot and retakes made the process longer and delayed the progress. The lack of professional experience made it difficult for the team to withstand the pressure that is prevalent at a film set. The shoot was wrapped and the clips were then sent to the edit team. The edit team comprised of a friend of mine who was pursuing film studies and wanted to be a professional film editor. The editing of the 15 minute short film took about 10 days and then the product was ready to be released in out on YouTube. It was decided from the initial days that the film would be given out on YouTube. YouTube is a platform that enables the user generated content to travel faster among the audience and hence reach out to a wider range of audience around the world (Lee Lehto, 2013). The film was screened at my place for the first time fo r the entire team and the entire team was astounded after watching the short film. The members were very happy seeing their performance and after the screening ended the team was confident that the product that was made was one of the most appealing short films that came out in the recent times. All the friends were elated and they shared congratulations among the team and every member was confident about the film. After this, the film was released in YouTube and this is when the team faced a reality check. The film failed to garner any positive response in terms of direction, acting and script. The viewers in the comments section were disappointed with the film completely and thought it was a waste of good 15 minutes of their life. The topic was appreciated but the execution was criticized by everyone alike in the audience. The direction was poor and the actors were said to have let down the entire plot with their forceful acti ng in the short film. The only positive part of the film was its cinematography and editing. The director of photography, Charles, was appreciated for the work and so was the editor friend of mine as his editing was crisp and on point. This experience in life made gave an important lesson to me that concerned knowledge and experience is required to take up any work. I went into making a film without any relevant theoretical knowledge and that was a big mistake on my part. The mistake allowed me to understand that there is always requirement to take up theoretical knowledge and success cannot be achieved in shortcuts. The film was based by the audience and it motivated me to make sure that I gain sufficient knowledge and then again make a film that would completely be a game changer. The team kept working hard from then and pursued theoretical as well as practical knowledge on acting and film making. I took up a film making course and after duration of 3 years the same team came together and created another film. This time around the shoot was much professional and accurate and the results are visible as its been a month that the short film has crossed 1 million views in the YouTube and people are sharing and liking the film even after 8 months of the film being released. Reference Irving, D. K., Rea, P. W. (2013).Producing and directing the short film and video. Focal Press. ISBN 9781136048340 Lee, D. Y., Lehto, M. R. (2013). User acceptance of YouTube for procedural learning: An extension of the Technology Acceptance Model.Computers Education,61, 193-208. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/download/39464875/1-s2.0-S0360131512002229-main1.pdf

Writing a Persuasive Essay Using Rhetoric

Writing a Persuasive Essay Using RhetoricAn important part of writing a persuasive essay is the rhetorical appeal or better known as the rhetorical question. This is a question that poses a question to the reader about an issue or concern and is designed to get their attention.By making a rhetorical appeal, the writer is drawing the reader's attention to their piece and is inviting them to read further. The appeal will usually begin with the question or thesis statement. The sentence is intended to address the reader directly, for example 'My thesis is...', 'My argument is...', or 'My title is...'.After the rhetorical appeal, the writer will include a sub-clause. This can either be a closing sentence or an introductory statement or conclusion. After the opening and closing sentences are used to convince the reader that their attention is being drawn to the next part of the essay, the sub-clause will make the reader think that they have been 'debated' by the author and will then end w ith a catch-all statement.Rhetorical appeals are crucial for a successful essay. Without them, the writer may find that their message is lost among the many other essays, which were written in different ways, but none had the rhetorical appeal to draw the reader's attention.As an example, say you are writing a sample essay on the same topic you found in your introduction, about one of your school classes. Now all you have to do is to complete that essay, and insert your rhetorical appeal in the opening paragraph. That's all you need to do!It can also be placed in the middle of the paragraph. Just be sure not to use too much filler in the paragraph, as this will make the paragraph feel more awkward and might even make it less convincing. Just remember that the essay needs to grab the reader's attention and let them know you are addressing them.If you are doing a sample essay on your own topic, you may want to do some research about the subject. It would be better if you could actuall y ask the author yourself or read what they said about their own topic. A sample essay on your own topic will also give you the opportunity to see how people write about their own topic, as well as the problems that arise with the grammar and style when writing.

Anatomy review Essay Example

Anatomy review Essay Example Anatomy review Paper Anatomy review Paper Chapter 8 Test Review Multiple Choice . Which is not a part of the axial skeleton? A. rib vertebral column B. mandible C. clavicle D. Which is not a part of the appendicular skeleton? 2. coxal bones A. parietal bones radius The axial skeleton consists of: 3. 60 bones. 68 bones. 74 bones. 80 bones. The appendicular skeleton consists of: 4. 102 bones. 118 bones. 126 bones. 137 bones. The term sinus, as it relates to bone markings, may be defined as a: A. 5. or projection. raised area 6. 7. cavity within a bone. tubelike opening or channel. groove or elongated depression. Which bone is a part of the axial skeleton? Which bone is a part of the appendicular skeleton? scapula 8. 9. parietal Which suture is between the occipital and parietal bones? A. squamous lambdoidal sagittal D. coronal Mastoiditis is the inflammation of a sinus within the frontal sphenoid temporal 10. Which skull bone articulates with the first vertebra? A. temporal B. occipital C. sphenoid D. ethmoid bone(s). A. maxillae 1 1 . The upper parts of the nasal septum and the side walls of the nasal cavity are formed by the bone(s). A. nasal B. sphenoid C. ethmoid D. maxillae 12. Which of the following is a true statement? A. The ethmoid is a flat bone that lies anterior to the sphenoid. B. The ethmoid is an irregular bone that lies posterior to the sphenoid, but anterior to the nasal bones. C. The ethmoid is an irregular bone that lies anterior to the sphenoid, but posterior to the nasal bones. D. The ethmoid is a short bone that lies anterior to the nasal bones. 13. Which of the following bones does not articulate with the maxillae? A. palatine B. mandible C. inferior concha D. zygomatic 14. If the cribriform plate is damaged, there is a chance of: A. passing from the ear to the brain. B. food passing from the mouth into the nose. C. difficulty chewing. D. infectious materials passing from the nose to the brain. infectious materials bone in the skull. unossified area in the infants skull. articulation between two skull bones. small opening. 16. The upper part of the sternum is called the: A. costal cartilage. B. xiphoid process. C. body. D. manubrium. 17. The skeletal framework of the neck consists of: A. lumbar vertebrae. B. thoracic vertebrae. C. sacral vertebrae. D. cervical vertebrae. 18. The number of thoracic vertebrae is: c. 10. D. 12. 19. All vertebrae, except the sacrum and coccyx, have a central opening called the: A. inous process. B. vertebral foramen. C. dens. D. transverse process. 20. The thoracic cage (the thorax) includes all of the following bones except: A. the scapula. 21. 12 pairs of ribs. the vertebral column. the sternum. The laymans name for the clavicle is the: collar bone. kneecap. shinbone. elbow. 22. The trochlea and capitulum can be described as: B. parts of the proximal end of the ulna. C. distal portions of the humerus. D. metacarpal bones. 23. The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of the freely movable Joint of the: A. elbow. B. shoulder. C. wrist. D. thumb. 24. The ulna articulates proximally with the: A. carpal bones. B. humerus. C. scapula. D. none of the above. 25. Metacarpal bones form the framework of the: A. wrist. B. hand. C. ankle. D. foot. 26. The pisiform bone can be found in the: B. ankle. C. neck. D. skull. 27. The structure above the pelvic inlet, which is bordered by muscle in the front and bone along the sides and back, is called the: A. pelvic brim. B. false pelvis. C. pelvic girdle. D. true pelvis. 28. The anterior of the pelvic girdle is formed by the: A. sacrum. B. ilium. C. ischium. D. pubis. 29. During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: A. elvic outlet. B. symphysis pubis. C. pelvic brim. 30. The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the: 31. tibia. fibula. coxal. femur. A person with a fractured patella would expect discomfort in the: A. elbow. knee. head. ankle. 32. Which of the following is not a tarsal bone? A. cuneiform B. navicular C. scaphoid D. talus 33. Which of the following is not true? A. The pubic arch in the male is less than a 90-degree angle. B. The female facial area is more pronounced than that of the male. C. The iliac crest is more flared in the female than in the male. D. The male pelvic cavity is more narrow that that of the emale. 34. A hunchback appearance of the thoracic region is probably due to: A. lordosis. B. scoliosis. C. kyphosis. D. slipped disks. 35. Lateral curvature of the spine is called: A. scoliosis. B. lordosis. D. convexity. 36. All of the following are clinical signs and symptoms of a fracture except: A. soft tissue edema. B. realignment of the bone. C. false motion. D. pain. 37. Which of the following bones is not a part of the face? B. zygomatic C. lacrimal D. maxilla 38. Which of the following bones do not contain paranasal sinuses? A. frontal B. maxilla C. zygomatic D. sphenoid 39. The occipital bone forms which number of Joints with other bones? A. 1 40. The largest of the paranasal sinuses is found in this bone. A. sphenoid D. frontal 41. Another name for the zygomatic bone is the: A. malar. B. sphenoid. C. ethmoid. D. sesamoid. 42. Going from superior to inferior, the sequence of the vertebral column is: A. sacral, coccyx, thoracic, lumbar, and cervical. B. coccyx, sacral lumbar, thoracic, and cervical. C. cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, and coccyx. D. cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx. 43. The structure that furnishes the axis for the rotation of the head from side to ide is the: A. dens. B. spinous process. C. vertebral foramen. 44. Going from proximal to distal, the bones of the upper extremity would be: A. metacarpals, carpals, ulna, and humerus. B. carpals, metacarpals, ulna, and humerus. C. humerus, radius, metacarpals, and carpals. D. humerus, radius, carpals, and metacarpals. femur, tibia, carpals, and metacarpals. B. metacarpals, tarsals, femur, and tibia. C. femur, tibia, tarsals, and metatarsals. D. tarsals, metatarsals, femur, and tibia. Matching Match the bones with their locations. ethmoid hyoid E. axillae F. occipital palatine G. H. . temporal K. ygomatic 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. neck bone keystone of face keystone of cranium upper Jaw cheek bone lower Jaw forehead contains middle and inner ear structures lower, posterior skull bone bat-shaped skull bone posterior of hard palate femur fibula humerus coxal E. radius . ribs ste rnum . tibia ulna vertebrae 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. olecranon fossa acetabulum lateral malleolus semilunar notch greater sciatic notch xiphoid process transverse process linea aspera medial malleolus atlas 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. bturator foramen radial tuberosity reater trochanter acromion process pedicle Match the terms with the correct statement or definition. body false ribs floating ribs manubrium E. true rib . xiphoid process costal cartilage 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. first seven pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum eleventh and twelfth ribs, which have no attachment to the sternum middle part of the sternum most superior part of the sternum the blunt, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum the five pairs of ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum the material that attaches the rib, directly or indirectly, to the sternum

7 Surefire Ways to Get a Great Job

7 Surefire Ways to Get a Great Job You get a job by finding openings, sending out your resume, and impressing employers during the interview process. It can take some time, but it’s fairly simple. It’s a bit more challenging to land a dream job. First, you have to find the right opening, then you have to make yourself stand out in a sea of applicants. Only then do you have the chance of landing a great job and starting your dream career.1. Become a Master of Your TradeIf you want that well-paid job, you’re going to have to bring the skills. Companies with hot, in demand jobs need people who can bring expertise with them. Then, they need those same people to have the motivation to continue learning and growing with the organization.Before you start your job search, do a skills inventory. Are your marketable skills up to date? Have you been using the most current technology? Maybe it’s time to take a class or two, or spend some time at home doing projects to update your skills.2. Cast a Wide NetThe best jobs rarely make it to the most commonly used job boards. Many are filled by word of mouth and proactive recruiting. Other companies simply wait for interested applicants to find them. This means that you have to cast a wide net in order to put yourself into consideration for the best jobs.You can start by networking. Find and connect with people who work for the companies that interest you. Follow the companies themselves on social media as well. Also, forget about job boards. Yes, you might find something worth pursuing, but you’re more likely to learn of a great opening on a company website or through a social media post.3. Research The Company You Want to Work ForHere’s a great piece of career advice. Do some deep research into the company you want to work for before you approach them about a job. Not only can it help you to identify where, when, and how they might need someone with your skills, it can help you ace the interview process as well.Thereâ⠂¬â„¢s a point in almost every interview where the applicant is asked if they have any questions. This can truly be a pivotal point in the interview. If you throw out some generic question such as, ‘Are there any interesting projects happening soon?’,you become   just another, forgettable applicant.On the other hand, if you have a thoughtful, insightful question that only someone who has truly bothered to do some research can ask, that can provoke some great dialogue. It will also impress the heck out of the interviewer.4. Make Sure Your Resume is Spot OnResume writing should never be an afterthought. After all, your professional resume is the tool that you use to get the attention of hiring managers and boost your career prospects. Take the time to put together a great resume. It can really mean the difference between getting a call back for an interview and landing in the circular file.There’s a good reason why some people opt to hire a resume writing service rather than attempting to write their own resumes or CV. A qualified resume expert knows how to use both content and formatting to create a resume that is visually appealing, and draws attention to your best features.5. Develop a Powerful Online PresenceIf you have a LinkedIn profile, that’s a great start. However, it isn’t enough to make the connections that will lead to your dream job. You have to create a powerful online presence. This will help you build the network that you need as well as giving yourself a forum to establish yourself as a thought leader in your industry. Here are some tips on creating a professional presence online.FacebookStart by creating a professional page that is separate from your personal page. Then, complete all of your profile information. It’s a good idea to include a link to your resume as well as other social media sites. Once you have done that, you can start following companies as well as leaders in your chosen field.As far as content goes, yours should be a mixture of the following:Sharing And Commenting on Posts Made by Thought LeadersSharing And Commenting on Industry Relevant ArticlesPosting Your Thoughts on Industry Related News And EventsPromoting Your Own Blog ContentTwitterFirst, try to pick a Twitter handle that reflects your passion and expertise. Once you’ve set that up, you’ll want to select individuals and companies to follow. Just like you did on Facebook, you’ll want to comment on and retweet interesting Tweets.Twitter is also a great place to find and participate in relevant conversations. You can use the search feature to find posts based on keyword phrases that are meaningful to your industry.LinkedInThis one is really important. When companies want to fill an in demand position, they will often begin by searching for qualified candidates on LinkedIn. Be sure to do the following.Use a professional photo as your background.Fill out your profile completely.Ask peopl e for recommendations.Post content to LinkedIn.Reach out to coworkers, fellow alumni, and others to begin building a great network.QuoraThis newly popular forum is a great place to establish thought leadership. Simply set up your profile and look for questions that are relevant to your areas of expertise. Then answer them to show your insights.Your Professional WebsiteYour professional website should act as home base. It should contain samples of your work, your accomplishments, your resume, links to any customer testimonials and recommendations, and the story of why you are in the field that you are and what makes you so passionate about it.Your BlogThis is your place to post original content that relates to your field. Keep your blog updated frequently, promote your posts on your other social media accounts, and engage with your audience. You never know when a follower may become the link to your next dream job.6. Be Positive About Your Current PositionEveryone knows that you shou ld never burn bridges by badmouthing your current employer. However, to increase your chances of getting a great job, you should go one step further. Make a point to speak positively about your current or former employer.This doesn’t just apply to interviews. You should take the same positive, supportive approach on social media as well. You’ll never hurt yourself by remaining cordial and professional.7. Pursue What You Want to do Any Way You CanYour dream job may not be right around the corner. You may need to gain some more work experience, or even get a college degree. The point is to work towards your dream job continually, even if that work is done incrementally.ConclusionIf you want to land the job of your dreams, you have to change up your game to stand out from other job seekers. Follow the seven tips above, and you will be well on your way to accomplishing your goals.About the author:Lisa Sparkers is an avid Resumes.Expert blogger aiming to help you make a suc cessful career and enjoy what you’re doing every single day. You can follow her on Twitter @LisaSparkers.

Authentic Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Authentic Leadership - Essay Example The need for leadership construct evolves the criteria of fulfilling our needs by economic institutions and in order to meet institutional needs, individual is required to endure at least twelve years of formal education. However despite attaining a longer tenure in education, students still lack in determining their goal of life. This might be due to the globalising tendencies that we witness as market economies and are placed in the category of consumer market in which every individual born in the society is a consumer, and every consumer is either agent to the institute or interpretor. An illustration is that of given by Barker (2002) points out that this is one of the reasons why the role of interpreter of the Church has been transformed into roles other than the one use to guide people (2002, p. 68). Such consumer market has affected management and leadership development in economic ideology to the extent where it has been constructed in order to form a social hierarchy which send commands and controls knowledge management to authenticate leadership theories. However, theories alone are not enough to identify the core of the Australian leadership culture in this materialistic epoch, there are some attributes of the workplace that can be placed under the heading of worship. These attributes reveal to us that corporate environment, law firms or even union hierarchies define idealistic leadership in the light of religious attitudes that entail male orientation, physical and emotional strength, and self-reliant behavior (Sinclair, 2005, p. 44-45). One reason for such requirement is the physical contribution and influence of male over female is more task-oriented and dedicated. Corporate practices support these values so as to religious male leaders may work longer hours with minimal leave while representing a sense of self-sacrifice in terms of devoting maximum time for the job. Contemporary administration of Catholic schools

Political Implications of Sophocles Book - Antigone Research Paper

Political Implications of Sophocles Book - Antigone - Research Paper Example Lack of satisfaction on the form of leadership attracts criticism while what they deem to be the best form of leadership that leaders ought to adopt is exalted by different authors. Thoughts of authors could either have positive or negative influences on the people who read their work. In analysing the dangers of different authors, this paper will look at two thinkers and authors of ancient history. An analysis of Sophocles’ ideas in Antigone and Plato’s The Trial and Death of Socrates will be used as the reference to the analysis. In his book Antigone, Sophocles explores on the punishment which disobedient people in Thebes, the kingdom of Greek. It also showed the various methods used in ruling the kingdom. The author, in his choice of using a woman as the main character, showed the theme of the plight of women in the times, though in a negative way. He chose to support the plight of women, as the episodes of the book progress. On his part, however, Plato in his book, the trial and death of Socrates, he explores the influence of political leaders and their influence on the subjects. The book portrays Socrates in a devilish way as he manipulates the people around him with his philosophical influence. Plato himself was an astute follower of Socrates and had done so out of choice. Socrates believes that Plato’s closeness to him made him vulnerable to manipulation. Rarely would he speak on his first-person voice, as he often made reference to a different force behind his words, that of Socrates? His reasoning and ideas, though very dynamic and radical as an influence from his mentor, does not make him much dangerous as his counterpart Sophocles. Sophocles develops personal ideas and thoughts and sends his sentiments through his book. Through his book, he portrays himself as a dis-respecter of humanity.

Project report on construction

Project report on construction CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION The performance of the construction industry has a major influence on the economic, infrastructure, agricultural and technological development of a country (R. Chudley, 1995). Construction is increasingly becoming highly technical and sophisticated with high standard of quality and specification. These coupled with clients demand for value-for-money requires the efficient employment of equipment which can largely improve productivity in the construction industry. The general aim of every construction is to produce a structure that can provide the required functions at the most reasonable cost, within a given time frame and at the required level of quality. Mechanization is one of the ways by which these could be achieved. The fast developing construction industry now heavily depends on equipment to achieve the high demands of quality project delivery. Equipment implies the machinery, tools (other than craftsmens personal tools) used in the contractors yard, workshop or site. Generally, equipment are introduced to contracts to increase the rate of output, reduce overall building cost, achieve high output standards often required by present day designs and specifications, eliminate heavy manual work thus reducing fatigue and carry out activities which cannot be done manually or do them more economically ( R. Chudley, 1995). The introduction of equipment to a contract does not however necessarily result in economic savings unless the contract work is so organized that machines are fully utilized or operate for continuous periods at full capacity that is about 85% of its on-site time, their use will not be economical. To be economic, equipment must be fully utilized and not left standing idle since equipment, whether hired or owned, will have to be paid for even if it is non-productive (R. Chudley, 1995). Heavy equipment will be needed for excavation, haulage, lifting and transportation of materials and people during the construction of a project in order to meet all the clients specifications. Contractors stand to gain from the use of equipment in the form of increased output per employee, increased productivity from equipment leading to overall profits. Unfortunately, performance of construction firms in the industry has been affected by several constraints with lack of access to finance arguably the most critical of these constraints. At least, it prevents contractors from procuring all necessary resources for their construction works including equipment (Eyiah A and Cook P, 2003). It is against this background that this investigation has been conducted to find the equipment acquisition methods being used by Ghanaian contractors as well as the problems the contractors encounter when acquiring equipment for their construction. 1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The highly technical and standardized nature of current construction designs and high demands in terms of quality coupled with often short contract durations undeniably demands the use of equipment. They play an increasingly important role in building as well as civil engineering operations and both time and a lot of money can be saved by acquiring and using them. Heavy equipment are needed for excavation, haulage, lifting and transportation of materials and people during the construction of a project thus performing an operation faster, more economically, safely and with a better quality and finish. Notwithstanding such great achievable benefits, it requires substantial capital to procure equipment, set up plant management departments and even use the equipment. It often requires very large bank guarantees, collaterals, high interest rates on bank loans, sometimes cumbersome bureaucratic procedures to acquire funds to purchase plant or equipment. This is probably why most Ghanaian contractors still depend heavily on manual labour to execute their projects. On large and complex projects of long durations, it may be practical to purchase plant or equipment for a specific job and resell at the end of the contract. The problem here is that fluctuations in prices on our current market may make it difficult to forecast costs with certainty. Equipment holding firms often do not offer favorable and attractive conditions for the acquisition of equipment to encourage contractors to use equipment on the projects. Very few of the contractors can meet the required conditions before procuring most needed equipment. Again, equipment holding firms are usually found in the urban areas of our country which are almost always far away from most of the construction sites warranting high haulage costs from the plant depot. Purchasing a plant or equipment could also tell greatly on the finances of the firm as a very large sum of money may be locked up in purchasing the plant which then has to be worked at a good utilization level to recoup investments made into it. Finally, purchasing equipment is sound investment if there is enough work ahead to keep it fully employed. Some estimates suggest the equipment must be working regularly for three to five years to recover the capital outlay. However the situation in Ghana is that of many contractors competing for very few projects. Construction firms cannot be assured of regular projects to fully utilize their investment in equipment therefore they rather do not invest in it all or when they do, it is very minimal. All the aforementioned problems collectively contribute to the reason why most of the contractors are unable to acquire the necessary equipment for construction works and thus leaving construction in Ghana still very labour intensive. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study is to investigate the existing equipment acquisition methods in use in the Ghanaian construction industry as well as the problems that the contractors encounter when acquiring equipment with the view to recommending better and more effective practices in the construction industry. Specific objectives of the investigation are to: * Find out existing equipment acquisition options used by the Ghanaian contractor. * Identify problems faced by the Ghanaian contractor in acquiring equipment for construction works. * Examine existing arrangements (if any) made between equipment hire and manufacturing companies and the construction companies. * Recommending better acquisition options as well as solutions to some of the major problems the contractors face when they try to acquire equipment. 1.3 SCOPE OF WORK A number of firms within the D1 and D2 of contractors by the Ministry of Water, Works and Housing and the Ministry of Roads and Transport in the Kumasi Metropolis will be identified, selected and studied. The equipment items that will be covered under the study will include general equipments, earth moving, lifting, transporting and excavation equipments. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 INTRODUCTION: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT Equipment plays an increasingly important role in building as well as civil engineering operations, and both time and money can be saved by the efficient use of mechanical aids. Equipment implies the machinery, tools (other than craftsmens personal tools) and other equipment used in the contractors yard, workshop or site. These may range from small hand held power tools to larger and more expensive equipment such as mechanical excavators and cranes. The aim of any construction activity or project is to produce a structure of the right quality and standard at an optimum cost within an acceptable time frame. The use of equipment for construction becomes necessary where using manual labour will not help achieve the projects objectives. Generally, equipment are introduced to contracts for one of the following reasons: * Increased production. * Reduction in overall construction costs. * Carry out activities which cannot be carried out by the traditional manual methods in the context of economics. * Eliminate heavy manual work thus reducing fatigue and as a consequence increasing productivity. * Replacing labour where there is a shortage of personnel with the necessary skills. * Maintain the high standards required particularly in the context of structural engineering works (R. Chudley, 1997). 2.1.2 SOME COMMON CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT USED DURING CONSTRUCTION. Presented here is a brief description of some of the important construction equipment that may be used during the construction of a building project. 2.1.2.1 EARTH MOVING MACHINES The equipment described here include the bulldozers, graders, scrappers etc that are used to move massive volumes of excavated materials during construction. BULLDOZER The primary earth-moving machine is the heavy-duty tractor, which when fitted with tracks to grip the ground and with a large movable blade attached in front, is called a bulldozer. The bulldozer as shown in fig 2.1 below may be used to clear brush, small trees, debris, remove boulders, and level ground. They may even be used as towing tractor or a pusher to a scrapper. They consist essentially of a track or wheel mounted power unit with a mould blade at the front. Many bulldozers have the capacity to adjust the mould blade to form an angledozer which can tilt the mould blade about a central swivel point. They become even very useful especially in civil engineering projects, which often require the moving of millions of cubic meters of earth. These bulldozers are however not appropriate for final leveling and cannot be used for loading thus requiring other equipment to load. TRACTOR SHOVEL These are sometimes called loaders or loader shovels and primary function is to scoop up loose materials in the front mounted bucket, elevate the bucket and deposit the material into an attendant transport vehicle. Tractor shovels are driven towards the pile of loose material with the lowered bucket. The speed and the power of the machine will then enable the bucket to be filled. To increase their versatility, the tractor shovels can be fitted with a 4 in 1 bucket enabling them to carry out bulldozing, excavating, lifting and loading activities. Like the scrapper, the tractor shovel is not suitable for work in rocks and waterlogged areas and will require a crawler tractor to work in the latter condition. GRADERS Somewhat similar to scrapers are graders which are self-propelled, wheeled machines with a long, inclined or vertically adjustable steel blade. Graders are primarily finishing equipment; they level earth already moved into position by bulldozers and scrapers. They are similar to the bulldozers in that they have a long slender adjustable mould blade, which is usually slung under the centre of the machine. The mould blade can be suitably adjusted in both the horizontal and vertical planes through an angle of 300 the latter enabling it to be used for grading sloping banks. This John Deere grader seen in Fig 2.2a below has a laser leveling unit mounted on its blade which constantly adjusts the height of the blade to ensure that the ground is made precisely flat. The low motive power of a grader does not generally allow for use in excavations. A grader cannot load nor move spoils of significant quantity over a long distance. It is bulky in size and therefore not suitable for work in small and/or confined areas and corners. SCRAPERS A scraper is a machine that may be pulled by a tractor or may be self-powered and consists of a blade and a bowl or container. The bowl is lowered to cut and collect soil where site stripping and leveling operations are required involving large volume of earth. The soil may then be released so as to form an even layer of a predetermined thickness or be carried off for disposal elsewhere. To obtain maximum efficiency, scrappers should operate downhill and as much as possible have smooth haul roads and hard surfaces broken up before scraping. Scrappers are not suitable for use in waterlogged areas and in rocky grounds. They cannot be used in loading and also would need transportation between sites. [Microsoft Encarta 2006; R. Chudley, 1997] 2.1.2.2 EXCAVATORS These form part of the main equipment items that are often used in construction. They are primarily used to excavate as well as load different types of soil. Each different type of excavator has specific soil conditions where it works best. Below is a brief description of some of the common excavating equipment found in construction. All of them can easily be classified under one of the following categories: Multipurpose, General or Universal and Purpose Made excavators. MULTI-PURPOSE EXCAVATOR Multi-purpose excavators like the one shown if fig. 2.4 are fitted with a loading and excavating front bucket and a rear backactor bucket. When in operation using the backactor bucket, the machine is raised off its axels by rear mounted hydraulic outriggers or jacks and in some models by placing the front bucket on the ground. TRENCHER A trencher is designed to excavate trenches at constant width with a high degree of accuracy and speed. It can cut trenches of widths between 250 and 450mm and up to 4.00m deep. It consists of a number of excavating buckets mounted on a continuous mechanism on a vertical boom. The boom is lowered into the ground to the required depth to be excavated. The spoil is then transferred along a cross conveyor to deposit the spoil along the side of the trench. A trencher as shown in fig 2.5 is most suitable for long and deep trench excavation and it also gives a fairly accurate and clean trench width and would therefore not require further trimmings to sides of trenches it excavates. A trencher cannot load materials it excavates and also unable to work in rock. SKIMMER Skimmers are used for surface stripping and shallow excavation work up to 300mm deep where a high degree of accuracy is required. They usually requires attendant haulage vehicles to remove the spoil and they also have to be transported between sites on a low-loader. The restricted nature of the bucket movement does not allow high output rates as compared with other over site excavating equipment. A skimmer requires a large operational area and is therefore not recommended for work in small and restricted areas. BACKACTOR Backactors are about the most common excavating equipment used in construction. They are suitable for trench, foundation and basement excavations especially in restricted areas. They can be used with or without attendant haulage vehicles since the spoil can be placed alongside the excavation for use in backfilling. Unlike the face shovel, they excavate by moving the bucket towards the chassis of the machine. It then raises the bucket in a tucked position to discharge the excavated material through the front open bucket. They can also be used to load hard but broken down materials. They require a low-loader transportation between sites and trenches excavated using the backactor may need other equipment for trimming to obtain desired smooth edges. Shown below in fig 2.6a and b are pictures of a John Deere and CAT backactors respectively. FACE SHOVEL The primary function of this machine is to excavate against a face or a bank above its own track or wheel level. It is suitable for clay and can be used in excavating and even rock which needs to be loosened, usually by blasting prior to the excavation. A face shovel has the added advantage of loading materials excavated into dump trucks. It can also be used extensively for relocating spoils within a given radius or short distance and for heaping spoils for future use. Face shovels like the one shown in fig. 2.7 above usually require attendant haulage vehicles for the removal of the spoil and a low-loader transportation between sites most especially in developed areas. They are also not suitable for deep excavations. 2.1.2.3 TRANSPORTING EQUIPMENT These are mainly used for the transportation of personnel, materials, machines and equipment from one site to the other or from one location to the other within a relatively large site. They range from conventional saloon car to the large low loader lorries designed to transport other items of builders equipment between construction sites and the equipment yard or depot. VANS These transport vehicles range from the small two person plus a limited amount of materials to the large vans with purpose designed bodies such as those designed to carry sheets of glass. The vans can be supplied with an uncovered tipping or non-tipping container mounted behind the passenger cab for use as a pick-up truck. LORRIES Lorries which are usually referred to as haul vehicles are available as road or site only vehicles. The road haulage vehicles have to comply with all the requirements of the concerning vehicle usage which among other requirements limits size and axle loads. The site only vehicles are not so restricted and can be designed to carry two to three times the axle load allowed on the public highways. They are also designed to withstand the rough terrain encountered on many construction sites. Lorries specifically designed for the transportation of large items of equipment are called low loaders and are usually fitted with integral or removal ramps to facilitate loading equipment onto the carrier platform. PASSENGER VEHICLES These can range from a simple framed cabin which can be placed in the container of a small lorry or pick-up truck to a conventional bus or coach. These vans can also be designed to carry a limited number of seated passengers by having fixed or removable seating together with windows fitted in the van sides thus giving the vehicle a dual function. DUMPERS Dumpers are used for horizontal transportation of materials ranging from aggregates to wet concrete on and off construction sites generally by means of an integral tipping skip. Highways dumpers or dumper trucks are similar but larger design and can be used to carry materials such as excavated spoil along the roads. A wide range of dumpers are available with variuos carrying capacities with hydraulic control for either a side, front or elevted tipping. They are designed to traverse rough terrain but they are not desinged to carry passengers. Shown above in fig. 2.8a and 2.8b are shown a standard site dumper and a dumper truck respectively. FORK LIFTS These are used for horizontal and limited vertical transportation of mterials positioned on pallets or banded together such as brick packs. They are generally suitable for construction sites where the building height does not exceed three storeys. They are available in three basic forms namely staright mast, overhead and telescopic boom (shown in fig. 2.9a-c) with various height, reach and lifting capacities. HOISTS Hoists are designed for vertical transportation of materials, passengers or both. Material hoists are usually mobile and they can be dismantled, folded onto the chassis and moved to another position or site under their own power or towed by a haulage vehicle. Passenger hoists are designed to carry passenger passengers although they most can be capable of carrying the load of passengers as well as materials. 2.1.2.4 CRANES Cranes are lifting devices designed to raise materials by means of rope operation and move the load horizontally. Crane types can range from simple rope and pulley to complex tower cranes but most can be placed within one of three groups namely: static (operate from a fixed position), mobile (operating position can be changed by cran under its own power) and tower (can be operated from a fixed position or rail mounted to become mobile) cranes. Several forms of cranes can be identified. Some of these are listed below: * Self propelled cranes * Lorry Mounted cranes * Track mounted cranes * Gantry/Portal cranes * Tower cranes Below in fig. 2.10 is shown the different types of cranes used in the construction industry. 2.1.2.5 Concreting equipment these equipment perhaps fall among the group of equipment that may be readily found on most constrction sites since concrete usually forms a large propotion of the materials used in construction.Concreting equipment can simply as classified under the following headings: mixing, transportation and placing. CONCRETE MIXERS These are used in mixing concrete especially in large volumes. Apart from the very large output mixers most concrete mixers in general use have a rotating drum designed to produce concrete without segregation of the mix. Most small batch mixers are of tilting drum type with outputs up to 200 lit/batch. They are generally hand loaded which makes the quality control of successive mixes difficult to regulate.Medium batch mixers can achieve outputs up to about 750lit/batch and may be designed with a tilting drum mixer or as a non-tilting drum mixer with a reversable drum. These mixers usually have integral weight bacthing loading hoppers, scrapper shovels and water tank thus giving better qualtity control than the small batch mixers. The pictures shown in fig. 2.11 and 2.12 are the very common 10/7 concrete mixer and 6m3 capacity ready mix concrete machine. EQUIPMENT FOR TRANSPORTING CONCRETE. Wheel barrows are the most common form of transporting concrete in small volumes. However for large volumes of up to about 600 litres, dumpers are more appropriate. Ready mixed concrete trucks are used to transport mixed concrete of volumes between 4-6m3 from a mixing equipment or depot to the site. Discharge can be direct into placing position via a chute or into some form of site dumper such as a dumper, crane skip or dumper. VIBRATOR After placing concrete in its formwork, excavated area or mould, the concrete must be properly worked around any insets or reinforcement and finally compacting the concrete to the required consolidation. This can be done to some degree satisfaction using tamping boards or rods but most appropritely using vibrators. Poker vibrators consist of a hollow steel tube casing in which is a rotating impellar which generates vibrations as its heard comes into contact with the casing. [Microsoft Encarta 2006; R. Chudley, 1997] 2.2 EQUIPMENT ACQUISITION Generally, a construction company has two options in acquiring equipment: it may either own machinery and equipment or hire it. Management must decide early on whether the equipment needed on site is to be hired or purchased outright, if it is not already available within the company. Purchasing equipment is sound investment if there is enough work ahead to keep it fully employed. Some estimates suggest the equipment must be working regularly for three to five years to recover the capital outlay [J.E. Johnston, 1981]. The decision to purchase will invariably have important financial consequences for the firm, since considerable capital sums will be locked up in plant, which must then be operated at an economic utilization level to produce a profitable rate of return on the investment .In recent years however, the growth of the independent equipment hire sector of the construction industry has greatly facilitated this latter option and approximately 50-60% of equipment presently used on projects is hired. Many firms however prefer to hire only those items of equipment which are required to meet peak demand or specialized duties [F. Harris and R. McCaffer, 2001]. 2.2.1 ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS The introduction of equipment to a project does not necessarily result in economic savings since extra temporary site works such as road works, foundations, hard standings and anchorages may have to be provided at a cost which may be in excess of the savings made by using the equipment. The site layout and circulation may have to be planned around equipment positions and accommodation. The full advantage of employing the equipment can only be realized if the equipment is well managed, both on and off the site, and this requires a thorough understanding of the economic aspects of using equipment and vehicles. For example, a crane will become expensive if the design does not allow a fairly continuous programme of work whilst it is on the site. To be economic, plant must be fully utilized and not left standing idle since equipment, whether hired or owned, will have to be paid for even if it is non-productive. Full utilisation of equipment is usually considered to be in the region of 85% of on site time, thus making an allowance for routine daily and planned maintenance which needs to be carried out to avoid as far as practicable equipment breakdowns which could disrupt the construction programme. Many pieces of equipment work in conjunction with other items of equipment such as excavators and their attendant haulage vehicles therefore a correct balance of such equipment items must be obtained to achieve an economic result (R. Chudley, 1995; R.E Calvert et al, 1996). 2.2.3 EQUIPMENT POLICY 2.2.3.1 OWN ALL EQUIPMENT The policy practiced by many enterprises is to purchase, or lease long term, most of the equipment needs and thereby provide availability at all times, with the added advantage of the prestige attached to demonstrating the use of owned equipment. However, much capital will be locked up in the equipment, which must become capable of generating a sufficient rate of return. A major disadvantage of this strategy is the problem of maintaining adequate levels of utilisation. Equipment holdings are usually built up to service a growing demand, and will become a heavy liability in the case of an economic recession. Any available work may then subsequently need to be undertaken to sustain the fleet, since equipment cannot easily be sold in a declining market. 2.2.3.2 HIRE ALL EQUIPMENT Many specialist hire/rental firms offer the supply of equipment now on the open market. To take advantage of this facility avoids both the responsibility of maintenance and the tying up of capital. The equipment may be hired for a specified period and often times the equipment operator also is provided by the equipment supplier. The main disadvantage of hiring is that the hire rate depends on market forces and suppliers are largely beyond the control of the hire, except for limited negotiation between competing firms. 2.2.3.3 A COMBINATION OF HIRE AND OWN A mixed policy of owning and hiring equipment may be the preferred option. For example, regularly required items might be purchased and hiring adopted only to smooth out demand (Edwards D.J, 2003). F.T. Edum-Fotwe (1990) writes that serious consideration should also be given to the extent to which the equipment is to be operated before an acquisition decision is made. He outlines the following factors concerning the level of operation of a equipment: 1. Acquire equipment new and operate to a down value and sell it. 2. Acquire second-hand equipment and operate to scrap value. 3. Acquire equipment new and operate to scrap value. 4. Acquire a second-hand equipment and operate to a down value and resell. 2.2.4 FINANCING OF EQUIPMENT A firm, having decided to buy a equipment instead of hiring, has the following methods of paying for the equipment. 1. Cash or outright purchase 2. Hire Purchase 3. Credit Sales 4. Leasing 5. Hiring 2.2.4.1 CASH OR OUTRIGHT PURCHASE When using this option, the buyer pays cash or immediately at the time of purchase, thereby providing tangible asset on the balance sheet. Obviously, this option is only possible if cash is available and therefore presupposes that profits have been built up from investors such as shareholder, bank loans, etc. Also, some large or technically unusual contracts sometimes include monies to permit the contractor to purchase the necessary equipment at the start of the project [F. Harris and R. McCaffer, 2001]. R. Chudley, 1997 simply identifies some of the advantages of outright purchase as: 1. Equipment availability is totally within the control of the contractor. 2. Hourly cost of equipment is generally less than hired equipment. 3. Owner has choice of costing method used. J.E. Johnston, 1981 however advices that besides the purchase price of a equipment, consideration should be given to the following points: 1. Capital outlay and interest charges 2. The cost of maintenance and repairs 3. The cost of transporting equipment between sites 4. Insurance premium and 5. Standing time on site. When examining the need to own equipment, the following points must be considered: 1. Will the item of equipment generate sufficient turnover to provide an adequate rate of return on the capital employed? 2. Is ownership of the equipment, rather than obtaining it by some other method, absolutely necessary for the business? 3. Is outright purchase the only way of acquiring the equipment? [F. Harris and R. McCaffer, 2001] 2.2.4.1.1 COST OF OWNING AN EQUIPMENT The cost of owning and operating construction equipment is affected by factors such as the cost of the equipment delivered to the owner, the severity of the conditions under which it is used, the cares with which the owner maintains and repairs it and the demand for used equipment when it is sold which will affect the salvage value. In his report, Effects of equipment breakdown on civil and building construction works, Markus S. Clarke (2001) identified the costs involved in owning and operating equipment as: i. Depreciation When a unit of equipment is placed in operation, it begins to wear out. Regardless of the care in maintaining and repairing it, the equipment will wear out or become obsolete and has to be replaced. The owner of the equipment has to provide a reserve fund to replace it when it is worn out. Where the contractor fails to include an appropriate allowance for depreciation of his equipment in his estimate, there will be no funds available to replace the equipment when they become aged or obsolete. ii. Maintenance and repairs The cost of maintenance and repairs varies considerably with the type of equipment, the service to which it is assigned and the care it receives. The annual costs of maintenance and repairs is expressed as a percentage of the annual cost of depreciation or independent of depreciation and it must also be sufficient to cover the cost of keeping the equipment operating.